ia;‍%Ska idys;HlrKhg fhduq ùu b;d úr,j olakg ,enqKq iuhl ud;r hq.fha .cuka fkdakd ^1746-1814* iqúfYaI fõ' kQ;k idys;H hq.hl mqkreohgo wehf.a odhl;ajh n,mE neõ fmfka' mqreI mlaIh yd lrg lr ldjHlrKfhka jdo lrñka .cuka fkdakd ia:dms; l< fm!reIh miql,l l,d f,dj wfkalúO lafIa;‍%hkag msúis ia;‍%Ska úIfhys n,mE nj is;Su ifya;=lh' .cuka fkdakd fmdÿ ck l,dj fyj;a ckm‍%sh Odrdj ksfhdackh l< lsú¢hl nj ieneú' tfy;a" wehf.a ldjHlrKh yqfolau iyc m‍%;sNdfjka muKlau Wreu jQ lúlulehs wm fkdis;sh hq;af;a ndri ldjHh ,shQ mQcH lrf;dg Oïudrdu ysñhkaf.ka fõr.ïmsáh rcuyd úydrfha§ lúlu yod< neúks' tfy;a" .cuka fkdakd ir," iq.u ffY,shlska fm!oa.,sl wkqNQ;Ska Tiafia lú lshQ" ,shQ lsú¢hls'


wef.a lúlu iïNdjH ldjH iïm‍%odh fidhd fkdf.dia fmdÿ ck ldjH Odrdj ksfhdackh l< neõ fmfka' bkamiqj wmg yuqjk rxpdf.dv <uhd .cuka fkdakd fuka fkdj" iudcfha my< mka;shlska ìysjQ lsú¢hls' ysájk lúfhys iyc m‍%;sNdjla ;snQ weh ;u w;aoelSï weiqfrka lúlfuys kshe¿Kdh' úfrdaOdl,am wehgu wdfõKsl Wmydid;aul Í;shlska fï lúj, ms<sìUq úh' rEK ydñfka kue;s lsú¢ho fuys§ wu;l l< fkdyelsh' ia;‍%Skag l,d f,djg wj;S¾K jkq msKsi .cuka fkdakd" rxpdf.dv <uhd" rEK ydñfka wE lsú¢hka bgq l< mqfrda.dó fufyjr iq¿mgq ke;' rEK ydñfka m‍%;sNdmQ¾K lsú¢hls' weh fjolfuyso kshe¿Kdh' uykqjr hq.fha oiafldka yd fmñka ne÷Kq m‍%ñ,d ìijo m‍%lg lsú¢hls' Èidkdhl <udt;ekso wkqrd. ud,h ,shQ n,j;a;, ueKsflao tod uq,a fmf<a lsú¢fhda jQy'

kdgH l,dfjys ke.Su msKsi;a ia;‍%Skag thg m‍%úIag ùug ;snQ ue<slu ÿr,kq msKsi;a kdgHlrejka iajlSh ks¾udK Tiafiau úfrdaO;d uev" m‍%h;ak oerE neõ fmfka' kdgH .¾ys; l,djla f,i iudcfha ldjeÿKq je/qÈ wdl,amh ksje/qÈ lsÍug kq¾;s hq.fha m‍%uqL kdgHfõÈhdKka jQ kS;S{ fcdaka o is,ajd iQÍka W;aiql jQ nj uydkdu pß; ^1913* kdgHfhys rc ìij yd ljg b,x.fiak w;r we;sjk ixjdohlska ikd: fõ' kegqï yd .ehqïj,ska we;s m‍%fhdack tys§ b,x.fiak úiska ìijg meyeÈ,s lr fokq ,nhs' ta w;r jdrfha ìij fufia úuikakSh'

TmuK fyd| tlla kï kÉp .S; jdÈ; hkafkka ;ykï ù ;sfnkafka ukao@ mud ù fyda b,x.fiak úiska fuhg ms<s;=rla fokq ,nhs'

ldu iem wkqNj lrk i;ajhdg fyd| kuq;a" f,daflda;a;r .uk hk whg bka wjev jkafkah hkqfjks'

furg l,dj" iNH;ajh ms<sn| mD:q, wjfndaOhla we;s" foaYSh wlauq,a ;snQ kdgHfõÈhl= jQ fyhska fcdaka o is,ajd iQÍka iajlSh uykdu pß;h kdgHh Tiafia l,dj ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.‍%yh fuf,i ksrjq,a f,i iudc.; lf<ah' iEu l,aysu iudchl ldjeÿKq idjoH u;jdo ksrjq,a lsÍug fmruqK .; hq;af;da fcdaka o is,ajd jeks furg iNH;aj ú{dkfhka msßmqka l,dlrefjdah' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a we;eï l,dlrejka ;=< furg iNH;ajh ms<sn| mj;akd ñ:Hd oDIaàka ks¾udK Tiafia fmdÿ ck iudchg ldkaÿ ù Tjqka ñ:Hd oDIaálhka ùu je<elaúh fkdyels jkq we;' furg iNH;ajh" o¾Ykh" cd;sl wNsudkh" ia;‍%S;ajh jeks m‍%mxp fï wdldrfhka ñ:Hd u;jdoj,ska ¥IH jQ whqre wm fldf;l=;a oel we;'

tjl meje;s iudc ;yxÑ uevmj;ajd ia;‍%Skaf.a rx.k m‍%úIagh jvd;a ;yjqre jQfha gj¾ fyda,a kdgH hq.fha§h' tfy;a" mqreIhka ia;‍%S NQñld r.kq ta hq.fhyso olakg ,eìK' we;eï k¿jka ia;‍%Skag;a jvd YQr f,i ia;‍%S pß; r.mE wjia:do fkd;snqKd fkdfõ' t,a'ü'ta' r;akdhl uy;d úiska úrÑ; gj¾ fyda,a kdgH b;sydih kue;s .‍%ka:fhys oelafjk tla isÿùulska fuh ;yjqre fõ' tx.,ka;fha fYalaiamsh¾ kdgH ix.uh ish kdgH m‍%o¾Ykh i|yd 1912 § ,xldjg meñKs nj hf(dala; .‍%ka:fhys i|yka fldg we;' fï lKavdhfï idudðlfhda fld<U yqKqmsáfha mí,sla fyda,a Yd,dfõ frdañfhda cq,shÜ yd jekSisfha fjf<kaod hk kdgH rÛoelaùug iQodkï ù m‍%pdrl lghq;= isÿ l<y' fï nj oek.;a tjl gj¾ fyda,a kdgH iNdfõ m‍%Odkshdj isá î'f–' fmf¾rd jydu isxy, frdañfhda cq,shÜ kdgHh Bg fmr Èk gj¾ fyda,ays m‍%o¾Ykh flfrk njg m‍%pdrh lf<ah' frdañfhda cq,shÜ isxyf,ka fmkajk nj oek.;a tx.,ka; kdgH lKavdhfï idudðlfhda m‍%fõY m;‍% ,ndf.k kshñ; fõ,dfõ gj¾ rÛyf,a wiqka .;ay' úfYaIfhka tx.,ka; kdgH lKavdhfï frdañfhda iy cq,shÜ pß; rÛmE m‍%lg fnkaika k¿ ks<s hqj< isxy, frdañfhda cq,shÜ,df.a yelshdjka oel .ekSfï wfmalaIdfjka isáhy' Tjqkaf.a rÛmEï fyd|kï rka molalula yd rka uqÿjla ;E.s §ug tx.,ka; kdgH lKavdhfï kdhlhd n,dfmdfrd;a;= ù we;'

isxy, frdañfhda ,Kq bKsu.la Èf.a cq,shÜ isák i|¨‍ ;,hg ke.Û" tys isg fmï lrk cjksldj ke/qöug Tjqyq ie§ meye§ isáhy' fï w;r isxy, kdgH lKavdhuo jvd fyd¢ka rÛmd ;Hd. Èkd .ekSfï wfmalaIdfjka isá neõ fmfka' kdgH wjidkfha isxy, k¿ ks<shkaf.a ymkalï oel uy;a m‍%S;shg m;a jQ tx.,ka; kdgH lKavdhfï idudðlfhda fmdfrdkaÿ jQ mßÈ ;Hd. msßkeóug bÈßm;a jQy'

,kavkfha ckm‍%sh;u frdañfhda cq,shÜ jk wm fofokd ,xldfõ ckm‍%sh frdañfhda cq,shÜ jk Tn fofokdg fï ;Hd. msßkukjd hehs lshñka fnkaika uy;d frdañfhda f,i rÛmE ud¾áka ´o%sia wmamqydñg molalu me,| jQ w;r" fnkaika uy;añh rka uqÿj oeóug cq,shÜ f,i r.mE ks<sh fiõjdh' túg bÈßm;a jQ wekavDD fmf¾rd oel weh uú; jQjdh' cq,shÜ f,i fu;rï YQr whqfrka rÛmEfõ wekavDD fmf¾rd kue;s msßñhd nj weh úYajdi fkdl<dh' fuys§ isxy, kdgH lKavdhfï kdhl î'f–' fmf¾rd bÈßm;a ù th i;Hhla nj lshd isáh§;a weh ;jÿrg;a úu;sfhka isá fyhska fndre fldKavh oud cq,shÜf.a we÷ï we| fmkaùug wekavDD fmf¾rdg isÿúh' miqj bx.‍%Sis ks<sh fndfyda ,eÊcdjg m;a ù rka uqÿj wekavDD fmf¾rdf.a wf;ys me,÷jdh'

w;S;fhys u;= fkdj" uE; ld,fhyso fõÈldfõ ia;‍%S pß; YQr f,i r.mE k¿jka fofokl= ud yg isysm;a fõ' chfialr wfmdakaiq bka tla wfhls' Tyq jeäuy,a ldka;d pß; r.mEug ^Wod• ;gq kdgHh* olaIfhls' wfkla k¿jd c.;a pñ,h' c.;a fï ymkalu mEfõ mdi,a fõÈldfõ§h' furg mdi,a kdgH l,dj Wiia ;;a;ajhlg f.dvkexjQ fudrgqj fõ,aia l=udr úoHd,fha kdgH yd rx. l,d .=re ;siai .=Kj¾Okhkaf.a u. fmkaùu fuys§ c.;a pñ,g ,eìK' 1989 mika udj; mdi,a kdgHfha Èidmdfudla weÿre;=udf.a ìßhf.a pß;h c.;a r.mE w;r" tjr iuia; ,xld mdi,a kdgH Wf,f<a Tyq fyd|u ks<sh f,i iïudkhg md;‍% jQfha ta ia;‍%S NQñldj Wfoidh' miqj if|a wxl=r mdi,a kdgHfhys .=rejßhl f,i Tyq r.mE w;r" tjr;a iuia; ,xld mdi,a kdgH Wf,f<a fyd|u ks<sh f,i iïudkhg f;dardm;a jQfha Tyqh' kuq;a fyd|u ks<sh iïudkh mqreIhl=g msßkeófuka mdi,a kdgH ks<shkag widOdrKhla jk neúka t;eka isg fyd|u ks<shg ysñ iïudkh msßñhl=g msßkeóu kj;d oeóug iuia; ,xld mdi,a kdgH Wf,f<a ixúOdhl uඬq,a, ;SrKh lsÍu iqúfiia isÿùuls'

b;sß fldgi ,nk i;sfha